Retirement tax questions

Thanks @BMcCalpin for answering. If you don't mind following up:

1. My question was when someone files using the standard deduction. When you say that it's not deductible because it's a tax, are you referring to this situation too or just when someone itemizes?

2. You're saying that NYPFL contributions are a tax and thus deductible under the SALT deduction. Would that be true even in a situation which the employer uses private insurance to give the state-mandated benefit. (In NY you have a choice between using the State Insurance Fund or private Insurance. I received a 1099-MISC from a private insurance company.)