No, your rental activity does not need to be registered as a 'business' to qualify for the QBI deduction.
First of all, you need to show a Net Profit on Schedule E to qualify for the QBI and many rentals do not.
If you managed the property, arranged maintenance, etc. (or paid others to do this on your behalf) you may qualify.
Click this link for more details on Rentals and QBI.
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