Disallowed - means that you can't take the loss this year.
Carry-over- means that you are allowed to put it on some forms and carry the loss into next year. You might be allowed to claim some of those disallowed losses next year.
QBI- qualified business income comes from several places. The income must be positive in order to take the 20% reduction. Please see this IRS article on QBI. The different types of incomes are at the top and you can choose the link that suits your income.
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