1. Yes. If you choose to use the funds on education expenses that are not qualified, you will pay tax on the earnings. Some foreign institutes do qualify. Otherwise, you can move funds to another beneficiary.
2. You have already paid tax on the dollars you put into the program at the federal level and maybe the state level. Those already taxed dollars are your basis. You won't pay tax on them again. The earnings will be taxable.
3. The child can pay if they are the owner. See the rules here.
4. Talk to your plan administrator, you may be able to transfer to your student depending on a few factors.
5.Her being a dependent does not affect which of you claims the excess income. Her dependency would only matter if you were getting the education credit.
6. There is a $35,000 cap for 2023 of the amount you can roll into a ROTH IRA for your child. See other time and age limits here.
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