If you file your return as not a dependent and it is accepted, then you know that no one has taken you as a dependent. If your return is rejected because someone has already claimed you as a dependent, then the reject code will tell you that.
You asked if you could find out is someone had done that. Please see DoninGA's answer above, which I will repeat here:
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You cannot and the IRS will not tell you.
Just e-file your tax return. If your tax return is rejected because someone else claimed the you on their return, the rejection code will indicate that. Then you will have to print and mail the tax return. If you have a tax refund the IRS will pay the refund.
Within a year the IRS will send letters to both parties to determine who filed the tax return incorrectly.
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