The foreign earned income exclusion only applies to income that you earn for working outside the United States. Since you worked only in the U.S., none of your income is foreign earned income.
Your reading of the physical presence and bonafide residence tests is correct. You do not meet either test, so you do not qualify for the foreign earned income exclusion.
The income from the company in Canada is U.S. income, even though the employer is located in Canada. It doesn't matter where the employer is located. What matters is where you actually work.
The Canadian company is not reporting your income correctly. Employing you to work in the U.S. makes them a U.S. employer. They should have given you a W-2 (and withheld U.S. income tax and FICA taxes). They probably don't want to bother with that, especially if you are their only U.S. employee. I'm not sure what you should do about this. Wait a day or two and see if anyone else replies to this thread. If you don't get any better answer here, you might want to consult a local tax professional.
