You said "I am trying to determine how much money my son can make so that I can claim him as a dependent."
If your son meets all the requirements for you to claim him as a Qualifying Child, as DoninGA suggested, then there is no limit to how much he can make. However, he must not provide more than half of his own support for the year. The $5,050 income limit (for 2024) is for a Qualifying Relative, not a Qualifying Child.
Support is not the same as income. Support is money paid for housing, food, clothing, education, medical care, transportation, etc. If your son makes $10,000 and puts it in the bank or invests it, that is not support that he provided.
