"The way I read the rule was that you had until your tax filing deadline to reduce contributions if you made an error. " This is true; I was thinking of tax year 2023, not 2022.
"I was out of coverage for September and October" If this means that you will have Family HDHP coverage again in November and December, then TurboTax will automatically apply the last-month rule anyway. Since we are talking about tax year 2022, you won't notice the problem (well, TurboTax won't, anyway) until you do your 2023 tax return in early 2024.
In your 2023 return, TurboTax will notice that you did not have HDHP coverage for every month in 2023. It will then ask you what your HDHP coverage was on December 1, 2022 (yes, 2022 in your 2023 tax return). When you answer Family, it will start asking you a series of questions based on the assumption that you used the last-month rule in 2022 (because you don't have a way to tell TurboTax NOT to use it). TurboTax then calculates what your annual HSA contribution limit would have been had you not used the last-month rule. At the end, TurboTax, tells you how much was added to your Other Income.
Please note that it is difficult for a taxpayer to predict what their excess HSA contribution will be - therefore, we strongly discourage them from withdrawing "excess" HSA contributions from their HSA before they do their tax return, because they frequently get it wrong. Instead, wait until TurboTax tells you what the excess (if any) is.
In your case for 2022, because TurboTax will apply the last-month rule, TurboTax will not calculate an excess contribution. Then, in 2023, because your spouse still has Self-only coverage for all 12 months, I don't think that your excess as calculated will be as straight forward as it seem because the sharing of the Family coverage is dynamic; when TurboTax see that your spouse has Self-only coverage for September and October, it won't borrow as much of the Family coverage for her, leaving more for you.
In any case, please contact your HSA custodian and declare that the excess "withdrawal" was a "mistaken distribution". You will need to sign a form and send them a check for this amount. The HSA custodian does not have to accept this request, so be nice. Then, on the 2023 tax return, you will find out how much the penalty is (if any), and then you can take care of it.
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