EV Tax Credit Question for Year 2023 - Simple Inquiry

I apologize up front if this is a really dumb question but I feel it is better to be safe than sorry.

 

I've read that a refund is only applicable if you owe taxes and that the refund cannot be more than what you owe for the year.  As I have payroll deductions from my employer, I typically 'owe' little or no taxes at end of year. 

 

Now for the stupid question. 

 

Technically, at the end of the year I don't 'owe' any taxes as they've already been paid by way of my payroll deductions.  Does the max $7500 EV refund apply to all monies paid to the IRS throughout the year or only if I owe additional money at the end of the year after filing taxes? 

 

I think I know the answer but would feel better if someone could verify the terms. 

 

Thank you.