Yes, you do, if the deduction reduces your taxes.
According to Who Must File in the instructions for Form 8833,
"A taxpayer takes a treaty-based return position by maintaining that a treaty of the United States overrules or modifies a provision of the Internal Revenue Code and thereby causes (or potentially causes) a reduction of tax on the taxpayer’s tax return."
Since the deduction in Box 1 of your Form W-2 presumably lowers your tax, you'd need to file Form 8833. Please see the IRS's page at Claiming Tax Treaty Benefits for more information.
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