If you are a resident of Michigan, all of your income is taxable by Michigan, regardless of where it was sourced. If the condo had been in a state with an income tax, Michigan would give you a credit for the tax paid to another state, but since Florida has no income tax, there will be no such credit.
As for the penalty, it would be for an underpayment of estimated tax. It should only be calculated from the due date of estimated tax payments for the quarter in which the sale occurred. It is not something you should have paid in advance, it is something you should have paid shortly after the sale.
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