Technically, you did not "pay" taxes with the form 592-B; instead, you withheld an amount to help pay taxes when you do your California return.
Normally, all California source income is subject to California taxes, so you would do a Form 540NR, California Nonresident or Part-Year Resident Income Tax Return.
Note
that you may or may not owe tax to California, depending on the circumstances.
But even if you don’t owe tax, you may want to file the California return in
order to get some or all of the money withheld on the 592-B refunded to you.
You would enter the amount withheld on the 592-B in two places: once on the federal return (see the linked answer at the bottom), and again on the California return (See instructions below for CA 592-B).
***How to enter a 592-B on the 2017 California return***
Once you have entered the amount withheld on the 592-B on the federal return, then go to the California interview in TurboTax. Navigate until you see the screen entitled "Take a look at California credits and taxes".
Go down to "Payments and withholding", and click on Start or Revisit for "Real Estate Withholding" (yes, really).
Once you are in this part of the interview, you will be asked if you received a 592-B and will be given a chance to complete an online version so that it can be attached to your California return.
Here is the link for how to enter the withholding from the 592-B on the federal return. Note, the issue of how to enter the 592-B on the CA return has changed in 2017 (see instructions above) - https://ttlc.intuit.com/replies/5669186
