Arizona does make this determination based upon each taxpayer's circumstances. You mentioned renting an apartment and changing your insurance to Arizona while you lived there. This indicates an intent to move to Arizona permanently. But if this is not accurate and your move was only on a temporary basis, then you would be considered a nonresident of Arizona.
Per Arizona residency status guidelines in this link, if you reside in Arizona and intend to make it your new residence, you would be considered a resident, or part-year resident in your case. However, if your move was only intended to be temporary, then you would be taxed in Arizona as a nonresident and would only be taxed on income that was earned from Arizona sources.
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