The answers to your questions are:
1. A capital gain from the sale of real estate located in California is taxable by California whether or not you are a California resident.
2. Whether a taxable gain is long or short term makes a difference on your federal return. See this TT help article: https://turbotax.intuit.com/tax-tips/investments-and-taxes/guide-to-short-term-vs-long-term-capital-...
Long vs short term makes no difference on your California return, since California taxes all capital gains as ordinary income.
3. In TurboTax, real estate capital gains are reported in the Investment Income section under "Other".
**Answers are correct to the best of my ability but do not constitute tax or legal advice.
