1. It starts out looking at your 2022 tax liability because the amount that you should have had withheld for 2023 is a percentage of your previous tax year's tax liability. The 10% additional instructions are if your 2022 AGI exceeded $150K threshold for joint filers.
2. The 401k conversion to a Roth tax withheld is only an estimate of the taxes owed on that one event. The conversion, along with all other income items on your return is what is being considered for your tax liability when you complete your tax return. The taxes you pay when you convert a retirement account function like the withholding on a W-2. It may or may not be enough to cover your tax liability.
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