1. "First question: Is 43,183 my CA AGI?" - No, the CA AGI is line 17 on the form 540. the 43,183 is line 12. Note that California does not allow the deduction of HSA contributions.
BTW, it does not matter what is in box 16 on your W-2, because TurboTax will derive the CA taxable income from the federal income plus/minus adjustments like the HSA contributions.
NOTENOTE: line 12 is not used anywhere else on the CA 540 return (look and see), so it really doesn't matter what is in box 16 on your W-2.
2. For point #2, the "43,183" is not the CA AGI (as I noted above), but is likely line 12. I am guessing that the CA AGI is $42,440, which makes the simple equation come out right.
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