Question 1 - Yes, and probably yes. Yes, you need to file a CA part-year resident return and a UT part-year resident return. You will probably need to file a joint return even though your spouse did not work in CA. Because CA is a community property state, when one spouse has CA source income and the other spouse does not, the CA source income is split and both spouses are deemed to have CA income. Thus, both spouses will need to file a CA return.
Question 2 - Yes, you can e-file all your returns. You can use either TurboTax download or TurboTax Desktop. The choice is yours to make.
Question 3 - Yes, you are considered a part-year resident of CA for 2022 because you lived and worked there until mid-February 2022, and then you returned for a few weeks in December 2022 to work again. Thus, for 2022, you were a part-year resident of CA. Yes, residency/part-year residency is determined on a year-by-year basis.
Given the income requirements for CA, you may not owe any tax to CA. You can refer to my prior post and the screenshots of the minimum income levels for CA. However, TurboTax will calculate what tax is due to CA, if any. Moreover, if you had tax withholding to CA, and after completing your CA return you don't owe any tax to CA, then filing a return will be necessary to collect your refund from CA.
@garrapatta
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