After you file

Right.   The left side-bar of Adobe Reader is the Navigation Pane.  What you refer to at the "Table of Contents" is actually called "Bookmarks" in Adobe PDF Reader.  Bookmarks must be created as part of the PDF; bookmarks are not a function of the viewer, though the page "Thumbnails" are.  The key to making sure bookmarks are included is to get TurboTax itself to create the PDF.  One caveat, however, is if, on the MAC version you use the "Send in Mail" option from the "PDF" pulldown then TurboTax does NOT include bookmarks in the PDF (??).   For some bizarre reason the MAC version of TurboTax  has a screen titled "Print and Archive Center" with the only option a button labeled "Print Returns" which leads to a the printer setup screen (e.g. printer to use, # of copies, page ranges, double sided, etc.) with default button "Print" but with an extra button on the bottom left called "PDF" which then displays a menu containing selections for:

Open in Preview
Save as PDF...
Save as Postscript
Save to iCloud Drive
Save to Web Receipts
Send in Mail
Edit Menu ...

Unclear why  TurboTax decided to deviate from the straightforward options of the Windows version?  "Save as Postscript" ... really ?? "Send in Mail" should be labeled "Send in eMail" and the PDF is created without bookmarks.