Yes, you can claim taxes paid overseas without a treaty. The treaty isn't what allows for the foreign tax credit exclusively. Where treaties exist they modify the tax treatment of income in other ways governing which jurisdiction has the right to tax what, and sometimes limiting the tax rate.
You can safely claim the taxes on any foreign income on which taxes are owed in both the US and the foreign country taxing the income with very limited exceptions (such as income earned in Cuba or North Korea.)
You can find more information on how to do this HERE. While this article is mainly aimed at US taxpayers living abroad, you do not have to live abroad to take the foreign tax credit on income taxed by a foreign jurisdiction.
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