You will not get a refund of "$10,000 in taxes." You will get a refund of the tax on up to $10,200 of unemployment income. If you are in the 10% tax bracket, and you received unemployment benefits of $10,200 or more in 2020, your refund will be 10% of $10,200, which is $1,020.
As Critter-3 and Bsch4477 have indicated, when you get the refund is not based on when you filed your tax return.
