If your income in 2018 that was on file with the IRS was too high and disqualifies you for the payment, the filing the 2019 return with the lower income is the only way to potentially see the payment prior to filing your 2020 tax return.
The IRS is still processing payments, the payments that went out this week were not the only set of payment they expect to distribute. However, they have given no indication about the processes used to determine who gets payments when.
It is possible that a payment will be sent some time after your 2019 tax return is processed. However, it is not known what sort of timeline there may be for this.
At the latest, you would be eligible for the payment as a refundable credit on your 2020 tax return that you file in 2021.
You can check the status of your payment here: Get my Payment. I expect in your case that data is not yet available, but bookmark the page for future reference.
I hope things get better soon!
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