Difference between claiming 1 and 0

Is what's taken out of your taxes when you claim 0, 1, 2, etc based on a percent? For example, I'm in the 22% tax bracket ($41k - $89k). If I claim 0, does a certain percent get taken out of my paycheck? And if I claim 1, does a different, smaller percent get taken out? 

My intent is to calculate how much more I will see after taxes per paycheck depending on what I claim on my w4.