Not every taxpayer receives a refund. Most of the refunds come from tax withholdings unless they qualify for some refundable credits.
If you don't have a mortgage and not paying property tax, the standard deduction is the way to go for you. If you have your parents claiming you as a dependent on their tax return, you cannot file your own independent return, which means you have to file as a dependent if you have filing requirements or have a refund to claim.
If your tax liability is zero, an increase in deduction does not necessarily automatically generate a refund. Besides, rent is not deductible for taxes.
If you run a real business and have a net profit, you pay self-employment tax plus income tax if you earned more than the standard deduction.
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