As Robert says, you can contribute up to the maximum for Family HDHP coverage (7,300 in 2022) - this is a loophole that came into being when the ACA was updated to allow children up to the age of 26 to be on the parents' policy without being dependents, but without updating everything else that was affected.
"I agree with it being less of a hassle to go through my employer" - it's not just less of a hassle, but it will save you money. Contributions made through your employer (whether by your employer or by you using payroll deductions), not only get an exclusion on federal income tax, but also on Social Security tax and Medicare tax. This happens because the code W amount in box 12 (the HSA contributions) are removed from Wages in boxes 1, 3, and 5.
When you make direct contributions to your HSA (not through your employer), then you still have to pay the Social Security and Medicare taxes on that amount.
"would I still be able to contribute through my employer even if I am not under my employer's health plan? " - this is a question for your employer. It's OK with the IRS either way.
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