Yes, you can report the sale on your tax return even if you don't get a Form 1099-S. If the closing agent does not issue a 1099-S you are not required to report the sale, but you can report it if you want to. If the agent does issue a 1099-S, you must report the sale.
Look through your papers from the closing and see if there is a document that you signed certifying that you meet the requirements for the exclusion, so that no 1099-S has to be filed. If you did sign such a document, it's unlikely that the agent will issue a 1099-S.
If the agent does issue a 1099-S, they have until February 15 to send it to you.
