When I apply my refund to 2021 taxes, when is it credited to my taxes?

I believe I will owe around 10,000 in taxes in 2021.  Because of this I applied 10,000 of my 2020 return to my 2021 taxes.  If my calculations are correct, I'd like to know if applying my refund with allow me to avoid penalties?  I was wondering when exactly the 10,000 would be applied to my 2020 taxes...would the full amount be applied before Q1 2021 if I submitted the return on time?  (i.e., I want to make sure I'm not going to be penalized because I didn't make quarterly estimated payments instead of applying the full amount from the refund.)  Thanks,