When you owe taxes to any taxing authority, Turbotax does not, can not and will not act as a middleman in that transaction. There are no exceptions.
More than likely you used the online version of Turbotax, and what you paid was your TurboTax fees - not your taxes.
Now it is possible that you gave the IRS permission to debit your credit card or other bank account, and if so you would have entered your card number or account information in the program, and that data would have been transmitted to the IRS. To see and confirm you entered the correct information elect to save everything as a PDF (not just forms for filing or forms for your records, but "EVERYTHING". Once you've done that open the PDF with any PDF viewer of your choice and look for the "Federal Information Worksheet". Your account information will be on page 2 of that worksheet in Part V.
If the information is wrong, then obviously you didn't pay your taxes. It's also possible that on the date the IRS attempted the withdrawal, the account did not have enough in it to pay the taxes due. Therefore the bank would have rejected it.
If paying with credit card and the payment would have exceeded your limit, the credit card payment would have been denied.
Finally, to pay your federal taxes *right now*, you can do so at www.irs.gov/payments.
