I had the same issue, and was able to fix it by changing to a U.S. phone number, but it only worked after I was able to verify the SMS.
The best part was that after ~3 hours of struggling with this issue, and only getting help from other people suffering the same Sisyphian fate and not from TurboTax, the next page that pops up casually asks "How likely are you to recommend Turbo-Tax to a friend"? The scale is only 1-10, but they do provide a comment section...
