I followed these exact steps last night and continued to receive the error message. Waited until this afternoon and tried it again and it just worked. Not sure why, but hey, I'll take it.
As previously mentioned, I went to my Intuit Account settings (this is separate from any information, numbers, or addresses you have listed on your return as it's just to do with your Intuit Account,) and changed my number listed under Sign In & Security. For me, I used my US Google Voice number and had them send a text message with a code so that I could verify.
Once I'd input the code from the text message it displayed a little green 'verified' notice next to the listed phone number. At that point I went back to TurboTax and hit file. When I got to the last step it said that I could track my return status via email, but it also now had a checkbox to receive text message updates with my number there, which was not previously present.
I checked the box just in case, hit file, crossed my fingers, laid out my receipts around my desk in the shape of a pentagram, threw some salt over my shoulder, and some combination of those things seemed to appease the TurboTax Gods. That bad boy is filed.
