It appears that you've done everything so far, including trying to update manually.
Now you'll have to uninstall TurboTax, delete the TurboTax folder [C:\Program Files (x86)\TurboTax] and reinstall the program. [This is confirmed by the fact the patch could not find your TurboTax installation.]
Don't worry about your tax return files -- they are stored in a different location. [C:\Users\[your name]\Documents\TurboTax] But just to be safe you may want to save the file to your desktop.
- Click: File > Save As
- Change location to your desktop.
