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Thank you so much for the thorough response! Sorry for the late answer. Didn't log into my account over the holidays...

This clears up a lot, although I do have one last question about number 3: do I just need a "statement" from them that shows how much they paid me? Or does it NEED to be the Canadian equivalent of the 1099? When I asked the company, they said they typically do not send any forms to their foreign contractors. In the end, is having a from from them an absolute REQUIREMENT? Or is it just better to have, but not required by law? 

Thanks.