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@Ahtaxquestion , @buddhadude , @dgcarey16 ,  having read through the original post and comments thereto:

 

(a) for tax purposes , US does not recognize dual citizenship.  Thus as a citizen/resident ( Greencard ) US taxes you on your world income, no matter where earned.  So all citizen/Residents must file  form 1040 reporting world income.

(b) the tax treaties  between US and "the other country"  generally are for the purpose  of  1. ameliorate double taxation and 2. provide treatment for special circumstances / situation.

(c) for US citizen/Residents earning and living in another country, there is  "Foreign Earned Income" exclusion  available to reduce the effects of double taxation and foreign tax credit/ deduction  for taxes on  income still double taxed.

(d) same rules to avoid  double taxation  apply for countries  with whom US does not have a tax treaty, but in such cases  there are no protection  for special situations.

 

Bottom line is  that as dual citizen you must still file US return to be able to take advantage of ,   or assert  tax treaty conditions, such benefits.

Does this answer your query or do you need situation specific answers  ( in which you would need to provide  your country of residence, countries of citizenship, your employer whether US government,  US  private entity, foreign government, foreign private entity, presence type -- how long and plans to return or stay permanently, family situation -- accompanied or not,  etc. etc.  )