According to the IRS, until and unless you receive a Letter 608C, Dishonored Check Penalty, the only way to know if to keep checking your bank.
https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc206
If you find that the payment doesn't come out with in a few days, you can call to check the status and/or choose to make the payment at the IRS payment center. IRS Payment Options
- IRS Hours of Telephone Service:
Monday through Friday, from 7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. local time
(Alaska & Hawaii follow Pacific Time). The best times to call
during April are before 10:00 a.m. and after 7:00 p.m., and Monday is the
heaviest traffic day.
(800) 829-1040
