If your son is being claimed as a dependent . the standard deduction for 2025 is limited to the greater of $1,350 or the sum of $450 plus the dependent's earned income. The total deduction cannot exceed the basic standard deduction for a single filer ($15,750 for 2025). If your son can be claimed as dependent on your (or someone else's return) then using your example and assuming the $10,000 is earned income, his deduction would be $10,000 plus $450 = $10,450. He would have $550 of taxable income from short-term capital gains.
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