A penalty is generally assessed if you owe $1,000 or more in taxes, paid 90% of taxes in the current year or if you have paid %100 percent of taxes in the prior year. There are also rules for high income individuals. If income is not received evenly throughout the year, this would affect how taxes must be paid to alleviate any penalties.
The 2210 would calculate penalties if they were to be included on the return.
https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i2210.pdf
The IRS ultimately calculates all penalties and interest.
https://www.irs.gov/payments/penalties
If income is unevenly received throughout the year, you may be able to have the penalty reduced or removed.
https://www.irs.gov/individuals/understanding-your-cp30-notice
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