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Yes, you would receive a separate bill in the mail, and it  may be higher if you don't use the annualized method to try to eliminate or reduce the penalty.  You can always respond to the letter with the 2210 and the annualized method should you need to. 

Here is a summary of how the underpayment penalty works. 

Please keep in mind that you can pay at least as much as the tax liability for 2024 (or 110% of that amount depending on your income) to eliminate underpayment penalty as long as the payments are paid equally throughout the year. In this scenario the IRS will not look at the current year tax liability but the payments and tax liability for 2024.

Quarterly taxes are due each period. The information below should help you determine the correct amount to pay each period if you want to pay enough to closely cover your tax liability for 2025.

• When are quarterly estimated tax payments due?  (IRS page of FAQs included earlier)
  • For estimated tax purposes, the year is divided into four payment periods. Each period has a specific payment due date. If you don't pay enough tax by the due date of each payment period, you may be charged a penalty even if you're due a refund when you file your income tax return at the end of the year.
• Income is split into periods of time to determine the amount to pay and reduced by deductions (itemized or standard) and the tax is reduced by withholding, credits (if applicable). Also, if you have capital gain income the rate is a maximum of 20%, but could be lower depending on your other income.
  • Jan - Mar | payment due date Apr 15th
  • Jan - May | payment due date Jun 16th
  • Jan - Aug | payment due date Sep 15th
  • Jan - Dec | payment due date Jan 15th
• The worksheet included with the 1040-ES can be useful as well. 
• Instructions Form 2210 - include annualized income details beginning on page 8 and includes the 'Qualified Dividends and Capital Gain Tax Worksheet'