No, you are not eligible for another exemption period because it was exhausted previously as a F-1 visa holder. Since you spent less than 31 days in 2024, you need to file a 1040 NR return with Sprint Tax. You will not file form 8843 since you aren't an exempt individual in 2024. Also you would not file be able to file form 8233 because these need to be filled out by December 15 for the following calendar year. You would have need to file this by December 15, 2023 to apply to the 2024 tax year.
For the remainder of your questions.
- You would file a NJ State return for the income earned in that state.
- You may file a form 843 if your employer refuses to adjust the overcollection.
- For 2025, since you will be in the country for more than 183 days, you will file a resident return. There is no treaty exemption in the case since you are being taxed on US income as a resident alien.
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