No, it would seem he has provided more than half of his own support in 2023, due to the income for half the year, then you cannot claim him inn 2023.
You can claim a child, relative, friend, fiancé(e), and so on as a dependent on your 2023 taxes as long as they meet the following requirements:
Qualifying child:
- They're related to you.
- They aren't claimed as a dependent by someone else.
- They're a US citizen, resident alien, national, or a Canadian or Mexican resident.
- They aren’t filing a joint return with their spouse.
- They're under the age of 19 (or 24 for full-time students).
- There's no age limit for permanently and totally disabled children.
- They lived with you for more than half the year (exceptions apply).
- They didn't provide more than half of their own support for the year.
Yes, your son does have to file a return for his own earnings for the whole year. If you do find you are unable to claim him, be sure he does not select that he is being claimed by someone else on his return.
Review the information, however it would seem you probably will not be able to claim him for 2023 since he worked six months earning his own wages.
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