2023 Tax Year refunds from deceased person's final return, taxable in Tax Year 2024?

Mom passed in August 2023.  This will be her final tax filing.

 

Because estimated payments were made and income was not as high as it otherwise would have been, I expect refunds of ~$9k federal and $4k state in 2024 for the 2023 tax year.

 

Is the federal refund at all taxable for the 2024 tax year?... 

 

 I assume not, but what do I know.

 

Is the state refund (entirely composed of unneeded estimated payments) at all taxable for the 2024 tax year?...

 

I assume there's a federal tax because of itemized deductions (not Standard) for 2023.  Will the refund be taxable to me, as executor, filing her taxes? Would I need to pay taxes on the full amount of the refund (as regular income)?

 

I am concerned because I am in a higher bracket than the deceased's return.

 

Is there a way to make (legal) adjustments on this years tax form for the deceased to somehow avoid 2024 taxes on the amount of the refund?

 

Thanks in advance!!!