You mention the green card test, which is a test that is used to determine residency. You can qualify to be a resident alien under the terms of the green card test without actually having a green card. In fact the IRS says "You are a resident, for U.S. federal tax purposes, if you are a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during the calendar year. This is known as the "green card" test."
This is what I based my answer on because a resident can qualify to be a resident under the terms of the Green Card Test without being issued a Green Card. He or she may apply for the Green Card, if they choose to, once they have passed the Green Card test.
Green Card Test
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