As a self-employed individual, you can contribute to a 401(k) plan, called a solo 401(k). That solo 401(k) is distinct from the 401(k) account you had with your former employer.
The contribution limits of a solo 401(k) are given in this IRS document.
There are also other retirement plan alternatives outlined in that document. The contribution limits of these other plans are given in this IRS document.
Per Publication 560, your 401(k) plan has to be established by December 31, 2023 for you to contribute to it for tax year 2023. The plan doesn’t necessarily have to be funded by that date, but the documents must be executed by December 31 for the plan to be in existence.
But you have until March 15, 2024 to contribute to it if you are a single-member LLC taxed as a corporation (or September 15 if you file an extension), or April 15, 2024 if you are taxed as a disregarded entity (or October 15 if you file an extension).
So it's too late for 2023 if you have not yet established a plan.
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