Note that you do not pay the capital gain tax separately from your income tax.
"So I am wondering if I have to file an estimated capital gains tax by Jan 15th or incur a penalty if I wait to file it with my regular return"
Go through your entire return which will include any gain on the sale of home (as well as all your other income and deductions), and see if your tax due exceeds the limits that Mike9241 showed above. Then you can decide if you need to make a payment by Jan 15, 2024.
@joknecht
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