How does the IRS know to charge you a penalty for lack of withholding if your income is uneven during the year?

My understanding is unless you pay enough tax each quarter during the year to cover the quarterly income, the IRS can give you a penalty, regardless of the fact that you pad sufficient TOTAL tax by the end of the year.

 

How does the IRS know exactly when you received the income during the year? I have never seen a place in TT to enter when the income was received. Yes I know you can pay enough based on last year's taxes to avoid the penalty but I still don't understand how the IRS knows at what time the income was earned?