TurboTax for Windows error: "We can't install TurboTax on your computer just yet..."

If the .NET framework on your system is corrupted, you'll get the following error when attempting to install TurboTax for Windows.

We can't install TurboTax on your computer just yet...
There seems to be a problem with some system files on your computer, but don't worry. We'll help you get it fixed up so we can get working on your biggest refund possible.

Follow these instructions to resolve the issue.