If you didn't give the physical signed Form 8332 to the custodial parent, he cannot claim the child. If you didn't give him the signed form, it's the same as if you never filled out the form.

The noncustodial parent has to attach the signed Form 8332 to his tax return (or mail it separately with a transmittal form). You filing the form yourself, by any means, electronic or otherwise, does not allow the noncustodial parent to claim the child.

If you filed Form 8332 with TurboTax, you did not e-file it. There is no way to e-file Form 8332 in TurboTax. You might have filled it out in TurboTax, but it did not get e-filed.