Line 44 of the 1040 is where the actual Tax figure is shown. This figure comes from the IRS tax tables, which are published (and change) annually. See the 2016 tables here: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1040tt.pdf.
The amount of taxable income (line 43 of the 1040) is what you'll use in the Tax Tables, and you'll check the column that applies to your filing status.